Showing posts with label Helium-3. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Helium-3. Show all posts

Saturday, March 9, 2019

There May Be a Quadrillion Dollars Lying About on the Moon



Photo by Rachel Moore on Unsplash


The solar wind sweeps out from the Sun in every direction. The Earth is protected from this sleet of particles and energy by the magnetic field that surrounds the planet. The Moon enjoys no such protection. For the last three billion years it has been bombarded by the particle laden breeze, hence the presence of Helium-3 on the Moon. 

Helium-3 or He3, it turns out, can make nuclear fusion a much more efficient process. How much He3 is there? There is an estimated one million metric tons trapped in lunar soil worth about 3 billion dollars per ton.  What!? This is based on the energy it would produce at current prices. That turns out to be three quadrillion dollars, but if fusion were commercially implemented prices would drop, right? So, I reduced the value for the title of the article. Keep in mind, however, the He3 allows fusion to take place without spitting out a bunch of neutrons that create high levels of radiation. This means smaller, even mobile fusion reactors can be built. I may be off a bit to discount it the value by 2/3. Still, wars have been fought over less. 

Now, lo and behold, not only the U.S. but ChinaRussiaIndia, and Europe are planning Moon missions. North Korea and South Korea are thinking about it. Israel’s Moon mission has already begun, launching February 21 of this year. 




This is one of the greatest opportunities of our lifetimes. Nuclear fusion will be accomplished and it won’t be thirty years from now. It will be half that. Those willing to act on this will make Apple’s and Google’s fortunes pale in comparison. The great part is you don’t have to know anything about nuclear fusion to participate in this. NASA is begging for technology to be provided by private industry. So far it is the typical stuff - parts of the Lunar Orbital Platform/Gateway, Moon landers and rovers, logistical vehicles. 

As the mapping of resources on the Moon proceeds it will become more and more obvious how much is there. Not only is there He3. There is water, an invaluable space commodity. It can be used for drinking, cleaning, growing things, rocket fuel, and radiation shielding. Currently it is currently worth about $7,200 per gallon in space. There is one more thing that no one is talking about but it is still there - the 3 trillion kilotons of asteroid material that has collected there over the last 3 billion years. Yes, all of that 3 trillion kilotons of asteroid material, the He3, and the water. Now do you see why everyone wants to go to the Moon, and why the timeline for commercial fusion is not that critical?

There is a problem. All of that wealth, except maybe the water, is distributed evenly on the Moon’s 39 million square kilometers. There is no way it will be mapped completely from orbit. It will require remotely operated and semi-autonomous drones crawling around on the Moon looking for this stuff. These drones should have all the necessary detectors needed plus armor and weapons if the salient countries don’t come up with a treaty on how this wealth is to be divided. Once located, will it just be scooped up and transported to a central processing center or will a processing unit come to the site? Either way, the final product has to be taken to a lunar location or hauled into space and used there or transported back to Earth. Water will never be transported back to Earth, and a surprising amount of the recovered metal may stay on the Moon or in space to build stuff. Most of the He3 will be shipped to Earth, but some will stay on the Moon to run fusion reactors or loaded into interplanetary or even intergalactic probes carrying small fusion reactors. 




Now, re-read the above paragraph and extrapolate the number of devices and logistic vehicles and processing plants and gizmos that are going to be required to do this: Prospecting drones, lunar backhoes, regolith haulers, low gravity material processors that operate in a vacuum, ore furnaces, robotic handlers, surface to orbit shuttles, pre-fab camps for humans, software to control it all. The individuals and companies that start to plan on how to do this and begin working out the details of how all this equipment will be designed will have a jump on billions of dollars worth of revenue. They will also have a jump on the next phase of this process - the 150 million asteroids in the inner Solar System. 


Other articles you may enjoy:

Mining That First Asteroid - Manned Mission or AI?

A Convergence of Technologies Will Create a New Age of Space Exploration


The Space Habitat Revisited and Revised

























Saturday, February 16, 2019

Why Asteroid Mining May First Take Place on the Moon


Lunar outpost - courtesy Wikipedia


The Moon has been bombarded since the beginning of our Solar System with asteroids, meteors, and comet dust. The Moon has almost no erosion. The Moon has not had plate tectonics for billions of years. It has been without vulcanism for around three billion years. Why isn’t someone searching for that material on the Moon? , Helium 3 from the solar wind and water also fall onto the Moon’s surface from space.They are the bonus prize. Some would say they, especially the He3, are the main event and why the Chinese now have a craft on the far side of the Moon. Altogether, the Moon gets hit by about 2800 kg of meteor material per day.

Chinese rover on far side of Moon.


The Moon is 4.5 billion years old. If we assume it has been collecting material at this rate on average for just the last 3 billion  years (from the last period of volcanism) that’s 3 trillion kilotons of meteoritic and asteroid material that is distributed about the Moon’s surface. Unlike Earth, it is still there, undisturbed by weather and oxidation. That is the equivalent of 430 asteroids the size of asteroid 1996 FG3 which is 1.2 kilometers in diameter.

It did not all come down in chunks the size of 1996 FG3, however. It came down in millions of pieces of millions of different sizes from millions of different sources. It is spread over 38 million square kilometers of lunar landscape just waiting for the cleverness of humans to find a way to economically find and collect it.





Let me just state this here for the record. The first asteroid mining will take place on the Moon. Some smart company, using NASA’s Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway as intended will launch satellites around the Moon to detect various metals or minute fluctuations in gravitational fields to locate deposits of metal on the Moon. Surface-based drones will collect and return this material to a base camp where it will be consolidated and launched back into space and, eventually, back to Earth. If Opportunity can last 15 years, someone can come up with rugged, long-lasting prospector mule drones for the Moon.

Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway near the Moon - courtesy NASA



Unfortunately, NASA’s Moon rover, Resource Prospector, was cancelled last year by the current administration. NASA intends for  private enterprise to step in and take over the development of hardware. Moon Express is one company offering up designs for vehicles to do the job.

Just yesterday, Valentines Day, NASA announced they wanted the hardware to put astronauts back on the Moon by 2028, and they want commercial enterprise to do it. “This time, when we go to the moon, we’re actually going to stay,” says NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine. An article from GeekWire about this subject gave the impression NASA was anxious to get this done.



This would seem a reasonable attitude by NASA, given China’s recent return to the Moon and the almost certainty the Chinese are after the biggest energy trove of all time in the form of He3 on the lunar surface. Maybe the U.S. figures two can play that game. In reality, it’s several countries wanting to get to the Moon now. Russia, India, Europe, and Israel all want a piece of the action.

3D printed wall using Moon regolith type material


NASA named nine companies that will be participants in the program known as Commercial Lunar Payload Services, or CLPS. These companies are Astrobotic Technology, Deep Space Systems, Draper, Firefly Aerospace, Intuitive Machines, Lockheed Martin Space, Masten Space Systems, Moon Express, and Orbit Beyond. They will compete for $2.6 billion dollars in contracts over the next ten years. NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine said the program would concentrate on scientific payloads, “We believe there is a lot of amazing science that we can do on the surface of the Moon.”

3D printer slated for use in space.


With all of this activity ramping up, the first deposit of valuable metal to be found on the Moon may likely be by accident as rovers ply the surface looking for H3 and water. Once discovered, there will be a scramble by corporations and government entities to duplicate this success over and over. Base camps will spring up to support this effort. Base camps will become spaceports, and the Moon will soon become the major jump-off for exploring our Solar System to the limits of human ingenuity and fortitude. And the patter of little feet on regolith derived concrete floors in a vacuum sealed lunar dwelling will herald the true dawn of humanity as a spacefaring civilization.


Other articles you may enjoy:

Mining That First Asteroid - Manned Mission or AI?

A Convergence of Technologies Will Create a New Age of Space Exploration


The Space Habitat Revisited and Revised


























Thursday, November 15, 2018

Are Seeds of Conflict Sprouting On the Moon?



Mineraleater - deviant art



People who really think about mankind as eventually becoming a space-born civilization have realized the importance of the Moon for a long time. The Moon stabilizes the tilt and wobble of the Earth. The high tides it produces could have jump-started and accelerated the beginning of life and evolution. It’s probably absorbed its share of big rocks that would have otherwise hit the Earth. More importantly, for space travel, it represents an anchor and jumping off place for further exploration of our Solar System. We can put things in orbit around the Moon that we might be uncomfortable putting into a near Earth orbit - things like big chunks of asteroid or even a whole one. It can safely orbit the Moon while we mine the goodies from its innards, leaving a potential space habitat shell after it is mined out. It can provide gravity for industrial processes that simply can't be done in micro-gravity or or complete weightlessness. 



Yet, after the Moon shots of the late 60s and through the 70s, the Moon seemed sort of ho-hum. America has been there, done that. It turns out we should have been much more interested in going back with the idea of establishing at least a semi-permanent basecamp. Luckily, there’s been enough interest in the Moon since then to discover that there is water and helium-3 on the surface of the Moon, perhaps a lot of both.

Moon habitat galley mockup - courtesy Wikimedia


The water is very important to mankind’s quest to explore the rest of the Solar System. It represents rocket fuel (hydrogen & oxygen), radiation shielding for spacecraft, and you can drink it and grow stuff with it. Don’t forget ice sculptures. The main thing is that it is in a much shallower gravity well than Earth water, which makes it easier and cheaper to get into space where it will be used. 

Moon Colony - courtesy Wikipedia


The helium-3, it turns out, can make nuclear fusion a much more efficient process. How much is there? There is an estimated one million metric tons trapped in lunar soil worth about 3 billion dollars per ton. What!? Wars have been fought over less. 

This is not to mention; okay, yes, I’m mentioning it; the millions of years the Moon’s surface has been bombarded by the very asteroids our nascent asteroid mining industry purports to want to go mine. That material has been laying there on the Moon’s surface undiminished all this time. Maybe this idea just occurred to a number of people all over the world at the same time. Why? Not sure, but ....

Now, lo and behold, not only the U.S. but China, Russia, India, Europe, and Israel are planning Moon missions. North and South Korea are thinking about it. Go figure. Is it really in the interest of science, or is it a game of finders keepers? The reality of nuclear fusion is always 30 years in the future according to the fusion energy mavens, but reality is catching up with everybody on everything. Artificial Intelligence is advancing quicker than nuclear fusion, and when it - a general AI, not some savant - happens, there will be advances in a lot of ideas that are on the cusp. Those that weren’t smart enough to realize the worth of the Moon for it’s natural gravity harbor properties are smart enough to realize the tremendous wealth, energy, and power now represented by the Moon. 

Let us hope all that wealth and power does not attract those who simply want wealth and power for its own sake. Let us hope it attracts those with the vision to use that wealth and power for the betterment of all mankind rather than a privileged few. Let us also hope all parties involved can figure out a peaceful means of dividing up resources on the Moon. Fingers crossed.


Other articles you may enjoy:



























Wednesday, November 7, 2018

Oumuamua: Alien Probe or Asteroid? It Could Be Both

Oumuamua - courtesy NASA



Oumuamua is the strange cigar-shaped interstellar interloper that Harvard University professors think may be an alien probe sent to gather information on our Solar System. Slight changes in acceleration and direction have been given as reasons for this hypothesis. The theory is that it is the remnants of a “light sail” powered a now defunct alien probe. Oumuamua is Hawaiian for “scout”. 

SETI senior astronomer Seth Shostak thinks Oumuamua is just another comet or asteroid from very far away, as in another star system. That explains its unusually large velocity and its path directly through the Solar System. Comets and asteroids are known to vent gas, which acts like a thruster on a space ship to change direction, speed up, or slow down. Other scientists are skeptical as well.

I agree with Seth. It would be highly unlikely for the first chunk of material we’ve spotted from outside our Solar System to be an alien probe. Although it is much more elongated than other asteroids, it should not be construed to be a derelict light sail. It should be pointed out how likely it is that an alien probe would take on the form of an asteroid because it may actually be a hollowed out asteroid. Why is that? Convenience. 


Think about what our civilization is currently planning to do. We are going to mine the asteroids. So far, we are only thinking about mining the asteroids, but it will happen. We are running out of stuff on Earth, and there’s plenty of just about everything in space. The asteroid belt is a busted up planet, and it has the same materials we have here on Earth. 

A number of things are in collusion to boost asteroid mining. Nuclear fusion is about to happen. The helium-3 on the Moon will represent the outer space version of the gold rush for its ability to facilitate the fusion process. A NASA space station is currently planned for the Moon. As the helium-3 rush commences, a space elevator will be built on the Moon. Also, AI will come into its own, powering autonomous drones the asteroid mining industry will require to prospect and gut asteroids for a very fine profit. AI will also advance biomedical engineering and research, taking longevity in humans to biblical levels, making longer term projects more acceptable. 

All these things will come together in a very short time to initiate and accelerate asteroid mining. These mountains of minerals and metals orbit the Sun. Some of their orbits coincide with both Earth and Mars. Once these asteroids are mined, they can be outfitted with AI pilot navigators, living quarters, and science labs and used as comfortable, safe, fuel-free shuttles between here and Mars. They are safe because their mass protects against minor collisions and hard cosmic radiation. 

Want to go somewhere else? Stick a fusion drive on the asteroid powered by asteroid material and a little helium-3. Now, when it gets to Mars orbit, just keep going and explore the asteroid belt. If someone living in the asteroid belt were to see this spaceship, they would know it came from outside the belt because it is going a different direction and velocity than most everything else, just like we know Oumuamua came from outside the Solar System. It would seem a logical thing that this is what spacefaring races do when they get to a certain technological level. They mine asteroids and leave an outer shell to be converted to a spaceship, instead of hauling all that material out of some gravity well to build a ship.

This asteroid conversion scheme could be ramped up to hollow out big asteroids and turn them into large explorer vessels capable of going to nearby stars and checking out exoplanets for possible colonization. Fifty years ago Harvard’s paper on Oumuamua would be scoffed at as total science fiction created by hippy scientists smoking pot. With what we know is about to happen in this day and age, it still seems unlikely as a light sail but plausible as a probe. Fifty years from now, some researcher will run across that Harvard paper and laugh as he stubs out a joint in the recreation room of the Ceres Flyer, a converted asteroid riding a fusion flame to Alpha Centauri.

Other articles you may enjoy:
























Monday, October 29, 2018

Going Back To the Moon Is Not Just For Governments Anymore


The MX-9 Frontier Class Explorer. Courtesy Moon Express



The first U.S. craft back to the Moon's surface may not be the government's. It may well be a corporate endeavor. Moon Express has been given permission by the U.S. government to land a craft on the Moon. The Space Resources and Utilization Act of 2015 allows private corporations to go out and mine the asteroids and the Moon while still adhering to the Outer Space Treaty of 1967.

NASA cancelled its Resource Prospector project in April of 2018. This is after spending $100 million dollars and over a decade on it and the program it evolved from - RESOLVE. Resource Prospector was a rover with instruments and tools for locating ice and minerals on the Moon. Now NASA has said it wants private industry to not only provide the lunar rover but transportation for it to the Moon and back. 


The MX-1 Scout Class Explorer. Courtesy Moon Express.



1. Lunar Scout will be the first commercial voyage to the Moon, delivering about 30 kg of instruments to the lunar surface. This is mainly a proof of design mission.

2. Lunar Outpost is similar to Scout but will head for the southern pole of the moon and prospect for water and minerals.

3. Harvest Moon will send a larger assembly  to collect samples and return them to orbit where they will dock with transport back to Earth.



Scrapped Lunar rover Resource Prospector - courtesy NASA


The philosophy of Moon Express is that the Moon is an 8th continent to be explored and surveyed for the possibility of economical benefits to mankind. Known minerals and metals are magnesium, aluminum, silicon, iron, and titanium. Also important are the location and quantification of helium-3 and water ice. These two could easily become the economic foundation for a settlement on the Moon, launching material into orbit for use in space or a trip back to Earth. 

Saving the world one plastic bag at a time. Recycling genius. 


While SpaceX is talking about sending tourists around the Moon, Moon Express is planning on going back to the surface of the Moon with the ultimate goal of exploiting the Moon for its resources. This could help out Elon’s plans to go to Mars by providing relatively cheap fuel (electrolyzed water into oxygen and hydrogen) that can be used to refuel SpaceX’s Big Falcon Rocket for the journey. 



Courtesy NASA


It also fits into plans NASA has for a space station, Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway, orbiting the Moon and acting as a depot for deep space craft and headquarters for Moon surface activity. NASA is currently seeking ideas for commercial uses of this lunar orbiting space station. Perhaps as the realization sinks in that it is not just asteroids but the Moon as well that is up for grabs, more companies will come up with ideas on how to carry that out quickly and inexpensively. 

Other articles you may enjoy:

























Wednesday, July 4, 2018

China’s Strategy for the Future Is Scary Smart


by Glen Hendrix

Long March 2. Long March 9 will be 4x bigger and deliver 18x the payload. Courtesy Wikimedial

When most Americans think of the Chinese, they think of an industrious, intelligent population. Smart enough and with enough inexpensive labor to make things good enough to sell cheap enough to claim market share and make money. The really hard stuff; the sophisticated electronics, avionics, bioprocesses, and software they obviously stole from us. And, ignoring the obvious moral questions, what does that say about their spy/hacking/computer/skills?

Americans forget the ancient Chinese invented gunpowder, paper, printing, kites, and umbrellas. Americans don't do history. Witness Afghanistan. We’ve certainly forgotten that the Chinese invented thorough testing of the people in charge of government before they are allowed to serve. Maybe we should steal that from them. 

What I’m trying to say is we don’t give the Chinese the credit they deserve when it comes to "the big picture" intellectual processes and strategic thinking. Also, Americans don't take into consideration the advantage the Chinese possess in having a central authority figure. Xi Jinping, aside from Vladimir Putin, is the closest thing to a king that exists in this modern era. As such, the country can react with astonishing speed and amazing focus to deal with such disparate problems as pollution and unwanted domestic public opinions. 


Paper or plastic? … If you said “paper”, read this. Plastic? Read this.



The democratic process in America, on the other hand, has sidetracked our progress in dealing with climate change, slowed down social equality, and created a lot of noise that hinders our march towards a smart, healthy population with very few poor and uneducated. That is because it is a process and has its ups and downs. We will get back on track. It just takes time.

In the meantime, China has announced its intentions to march into the future by putting an outpost on the Moon. That is why it is developing the Long March 9, a rocket that will put 140 metric tons into low earth orbit and 50 metric tons into trans-lunar orbit. This is the same capability as the Saturn V, the rocket that took U.S. astronauts to the Moon. How old hat, you say. Been there, done that. 

What you may not know is that China is also heavily invested in nuclear fusion technology with its Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak, EAST, at a large research facility at Dongpu Science Island in Anhui Province.

Also, helium-3 will make nuclear fusion much more efficient and eliminate nuclear waste and radiation. 

Also, the Moon is littered with helium-3. There is an estimated 1,100,000 metric tons trapped in lunar soil worth about 3 billion dollars per ton. 

Are you beginning to get the picture? I’ll spell it out for you anyway. The future of the planet depends on cheap, non-polluting energy of which fusion will be the world champ. It doesn’t matter who develops practical fusion, it will be done in the next few decades and licensed to anyone willing to pay the price. Having an established outpost on the Moon, China will be in the catbird’s seat to provide the budding fusion industry with what it needs most; helium-3. Three point three quadrillion dollars worth of it. If they are also the lucky ones to crack the fusion puzzle, they will be the undisputed uber energy czars of the twenty first century. 


Paper bags take 5 X the water to make and 7 X the fuel to transport than plastic bags  



Pretty smart strategic thinking about the future, huh? With that kind of economic leverage China would never have to sweat the possibility of a trade war again.  However, it is not too late for two (and probably more) to play this game. By the time fusion technology is powering toasters, everyone will be wise to what the Moon represents for a nascent fusion industry. Perhaps we'll see a stampede of corporate startups to rival the dot com era. In fact, the Chinese are already in talks with the European Space Agency to make it a bilateral effort to build an outpost. We'll see how that works out.

In the meantime, while our current materials technology precludes the building of a space elevator on Earth, it will work on the Moon. This would be an efficient way to haul helium-3, water, and regolith into orbit around the Moon. Helium-3 goes to Earth's fusion reactors, water goes to needy vessels exploring the Solar System, and regolith is building material for space habitats. Recently discovered lava tubes on the Moon could provide inexpensive radiation shielding to the people carrying out lunar exploration and exploitation. Whether they want it or not, things are looking towards the Chinese enjoying a lot of company on the Moon.


Other articles you may enjoy: